China's cyberspace watchdog announced on Saturday the launch of a two-month campaign aimed at improving the online environment for minors over this year's summer vacation period. The campaign focuses on addressing negative content including fake videos about campus bullying, to create a more positive and secure online environment for young people.

According to the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the campaign is targeting prominent issues in six areas, starting with negative activities on short videos and livestreaming platforms. The authority listed examples of violent and bloody content, fabricated videos depicting campus bullying, as well as exploiting internet celebrity children for profit, or inducing minors to participate in livestreaming.

Posting information on social platforms that encourages toxic friendships, promotes illegal websites, or spreads vulgar language will also be regulated, the CAC said in a notice, as well as the content that promotes unhealthy values to minors, or incites conflicts between parents and children or teachers and students.

Furthermore, the sale of soft porn hand dolls to minors on e-commerce platforms, the use of child models in indecent poses and suggestive actions, and the enticement of minors to third-party platforms under the guise of selling anime dramas or electronic games to access illegal violent content are all activities targeted by this campaign, the CAC confirmed.

The internet regulator also cited examples of misconduct in the app store, such as the use of similar logos and names to create counterfeit apps targeting minors in order to spread illegal and harmful content. The apps involved in pornography and gambling by embedding illegal software will also be regulated, as well as those designed for learning but stray from their intended purposes and promote content that violates regulations.

For children's smart devices, cases that will be cracked down on include: the device's pre-installed apps containing content that may affect the physical and mental health of minors; a lax review of information provided by third-party apps, leading to the presence of harmful content; providing apps or features such as appearance comparison and fortune-telling that are not suitable for minors; and using points rankings as a means to induce minors to spend money on unnecessary purchases.

The CAC will also strength regulations over "child mode" settings, which refers to a system that regulates the online behavior of minors in terms of usage period, duration, functions, and browsing content. While in "child mode," content that induces minors to imitate unsafe behaviors or develop bad habits will be addressed, as well as the incomplete escape prevention measures in the mode, which allow minors to exit without verification.

The cyberspace watchdog emphasized that a clean online environment is crucial for the healthy development of young people, and vowed to target illegal platforms and accounts, improve the protection mechanism for minors on various platforms, so as to maintain a positive online ecosystem.

With the approach of the 8th anniversary of the so-called South China Sea arbitration awards, a ruling in 2016 that challenged China's claims in the waters and seriously violates international law, Anthony Carty, an Irish scholar of international law and author of "The History and Sovereignty of the South China Sea Islands" stressed in a recent interview with the Global Times that the Philippines has no right to claim the sovereignty over the South China Sea and archival evidence supports China's claims over a number of islands.

"I don't see why on earth or how the Philippines can claim any a sovereignty over any islands in the south China sea. The French archives, the British archives, the Chinese archives, the American archives, and the Japanese archives are all agreed that the Filipinos have no territorial claim," said Carty. 

"I don't understand why they [the Philippines] would want to bring or how they could bring a claim that the reefs 'belonging to them' would be damaged, because that would directly involve a question of sovereign title, and there is no compulsory jurisdiction under article 86 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Because it is a law of the sea convention and a territorial title would not be adjudicable."

Carty, an expert in international law, believes that China should maintain its stance and that its legal position is justified. His book presents extensive historical evidence backing China's sovereignty claims over the islands in the South China Sea.

His research delved into the archives of the French and British foreign ministries, spanning the period from the 1880s to the late 1970s. The findings revealed a consensus among legal experts from both countries, indicating that the Xisha and Nansha Islands rightfully belong to China, the Xinhua News Agency reported.

According to the expert, the so-called South China Sea arbitration of 2016 is a "chaotic and manipulative use of international law," "a case of double standards," and "a legal trick."

The scholar does not believe the international judiciary behaved objectively. "The political considerations will always come into play, which is why, as I've already stated, Carlo Santulli, the director of the Paris Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales , said the 2016 tribunal is obviously a NATO tribunal," he told the Global Times.

"One is basically relying upon the idea that the judges are appointed by countries. The tribunal in 2016 had a German judge, a French judge, a Dutch judge and a Polish judge and then an African chair person. They may not be in any way consciously biased, but inevitably they're colored by the countries that they come from. So the whole idea of international adjudication is problematic," Carty noted.

The law professor highlighted that Washington has been trying to uphold its dominance and create instability in the Asia-Pacific region by using its regional allies to provoke China in the South China Sea. 

"There is absolutely no doubt that this whole dispute is entirely about the Americans trying to make life difficult for the Chinese. The aggression that is building up against China and the scapegoating of China by the whole of the so-called democratic community of the world is appalling," he told the Global Times in a previous interview.

It's obvious that the United States has been interfering with and shaping Filipino policies since they conquered the Philippines and wiped out the Filipino independence movement in 1900, he added.

The argument about China being an "assertive and aggressive" power and a "revisionist" power in some Western or Philippine narratives is simply "slanderous abuse," he said. "And it's very worrying because it definitely implies a willingness on the part of the West to use force against China. It represents a complete collapse of any kind of civilized diplomacy.

The Supreme People's Court (SPC), China's top court, on Wednesday issued its first batch of typical cases for clarifying and applying extraterritorial laws after the country in 2023 adopted judicial interpretations on the applicability of international treaties and practices in handling overseas-related civil and commercial cases.

"These typical cases are highly representative and have important guiding significance for enriching the practice of identifying extraterritorial laws and clarifying the rules for identifying extraterritorial laws," the SPC said.

The release of typical cases is believed to have great significance for continuously creating a market-oriented international first-class business environment under the rule of law in China and enhancing the international credibility and influence of China's judiciary.

The five released typical cases involve common types of overseas-related civil and commercial cases such as company investment, sales contracts, guarantee contracts, multimodal transport contracts and engineering supervision contracts.

Laws of countries and regions including the US, the UK, Mexico and Tajikistan, as well as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region are included, the SPC said.

In December 2023, the SPC released a set of judicial interpretations on the applicability of international treaties and practices in handling overseas-related civil and commercial cases in China. 

The interpretations provide courts in China with the basis for appropriately handling overseas-related civil and commercial cases, said an official with the SPC. The official added that it is expected to improve the quality of China's overseas-related judicial practice and enhance China's judicial credibility and its influence in the international community.

Wan Miaoyan, director of Sichuan Dingchi law firm, told the Global Times that the released typical cases mirror examples of judicial progress in China.

China's law for overseas-related civil relationships was established in accordance with international legal norms, presenting characteristics of openness and inclusiveness in legislation. The identification of extraterritorial laws in overseas-related cases is a fundamental prerequisite for determining the basic legal facts of a case and making a fair judgment, Wan said.

From the released cases, we can tell that the courts in overseas-related judicial trials have accurately identified and applied the extraterritorial laws, international treaties and international customs most closely related to those cases. It greatly increases the confidence and evaluation of foreign investors in China's investment environment, trade environment and judicial environment, Wan said. 

According to the SPC, in a contract dispute between a medical company from Hong Kong and another medical company from the UK, the extraterritorial laws provided by the parties contained a large number of materials such as statute law, case law and legal works, and there were great disputes between the parties on the content, understanding and application of extraterritorial laws. 

The court handling the case did not simply hold that extraterritorial laws could not be ascertained. But through comprehensive analysis and careful comparison, the extraterritorial law has been prudently identified.

The SPC said that expanding and diversifying the ways of ascertaining extraterritorial laws is a key link in solving the difficulties of ascertaining extraterritorial laws. Generally speaking, any reasonable means that are beneficial to ascertaining extraterritorial laws can be utilized to ensure the accurate application of extraterritorial laws to resolve disputes between parties. 

In one case involving a financial loan guarantee contract dispute between a branch of a bank in East China's Zhejiang Province and a technology company in Hong Kong region, which held shares in a company registered in the US, the court, upon the parties' request, entrusted an extraterritorial law research center to ascertain the legal issues of multiple legal domains involved in the case, effectively resolving multiple legal disputes in one go.